Making an Ethical Decision Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Making an Ethical Decision - Essay Example Mary and her colleagues should not have agreed with the decision because considering individual circumstances, 6 months are not an unfair amount of time to expect to be out on maternity leave. This is because, among other reasons, it is in the best interest of their children for them to take longer leave. According to a study carried out by the economic journal in 2005, children of American women who resumed work within 12 weeks were more likely to have cognitive and behavioral issues (Lerner 2011).This is because despite the fact the fact most mothers will have physically recovered from the childbirth in under this time. There are a myriad of psychological factors that need to be factored in such as time spent with the children. There is at present, sufficient medical evidence to indicate that a mother spending short periods of time with their newborns is a leading contributor of infant disorders and even death (Lerner 2011). While giving brief leave may appear to make economic sens e to employers in terms of increasing the mother’s time at work, ergo, productivity at closer scrutiny, it is likely to be counterproductive. This is because nursing mothers who are also working are more prone to stress depression and frustration (Melnick 2011) and as such may not be the best of workers. Pursuant to management’s turn down, there are several avenues the employees can consider some more radical than others. One cause of action would be to try to renegotiate with management and, attempt to come up with a compromise. This could involve offering to shortening their time off or even providing statistical evidence. That is if any can be found, that women given time off will ultimately be better workers. Alternatively they could take activists routes and through their union take assertive actions like striking or suing management. The situation has several stake holders primarily of course, are the women employees particularly those who plan on having children in posterity. Nonetheless, the whole firm including management and fellow workers as long clients has a stake in this. This is because if the women’s claims are correct, the productivity of the company would go up in the long run if their demands are met. In case they decide to go on strike, the whole firm and clients will be affected directly or indirectly. Furthermore, other companies in the area and/or country will be affected since not many companies give their employees that much time off with the average time being less than 3 months, which is the amount of time the national Family Leave Law allocates (Lerner 2011). In case Mary’s efforts are successful it would spur others to follow suit and as such a large part of the labor industry may feel the impact. In fact, Melnick posits that six months is ideal because according to research after about this period, work did not translate to poor parenting (Para 3). Management could try to settle the problems in several ways. Herein, two significant ones will be considered. For one, they could like it had been suggested of the women try to come to some compromise, this way they could offer an increment of time off to what they consider reasonable and try to convince them to take the deal. Alternately, management could avail daycare facilities within the premises of the firm for nursing mother’s time off with their kids. While management may find this an expensive venture, assuming they rejected the initial petition for financial

ALVIMOPAN FOR TREATMENT OF ILEUS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

ALVIMOPAN FOR TREATMENT OF ILEUS - Essay Example alvimopan is a peripherally restricted opiod antagonist, whose use is a strategy aimed at reducing the delay in the GI tract recovery and postoperative morbidity, as a result of the use of opioid analgesia. Ludwig et al, 2008 conducted a study comparing alvimopan or a placebo with the Standardized Accelerated Postoperative Care Pathway (SAPCP). The purpose of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of alvimopan in dosage of 12 mg initially given orally 30 to 90 minutes prior to the surgical procedure and subsequently twice daily along with the SAPCP in the management of POI after bowel resection. This study was a randomized, multi-center, double-blind, placebo controlled phase 3b trial that was conducted across fifty-five sites in the United States of America after receiving the institutional review board approval for each of the sites. Adult patients over the age of eighteen years undergoing laparotomy for small-or large-bowel resection having primary anastomosis and scheduled for post-operative pain management employing opioid-based, patient-controlled analgesia were included for the study. The exclusion criteria consisted of pregnancy, current use of opioids or receiving acute course of opioids less than one week prior to entry into study, experience of complete bowel obstruction, or were undergoing total colectomy, colostomy, ileostomy, or ileal pouch-anal anastomosis, or had a history of total colectomy, gastrectomy, gastric bypass, short bowel syndrome, or multiple previous abdominal operations performed by laparatomy. 654 subjects were recruited and 629 selected for the trial. 325 of the subjects received placebo and SAPCP, while 329 of the subjects received alvimopan and SAPCP. The primary endpoint chosen was the time to GI-2 recovery, which would demonstrated the time taken to resolution of POI. Composite assessment was used to measure toleration of food and lower GI tract recovery. Secondary

Final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 11

Final - Essay Example In the initial contemporary period, European encounters were the result of the advancement of change of the western societies, during the revolution into the current capitalist markets and nations to states. The first advancement was experienced in the 15th and 16th centuries, and the focus was the Atlantic basin, which constituted the Atlantic islands, Coastal West Africa, and Central America continent. This also included the Northern Seas, the Oriental Seas and the Asian Seas. The second advancement was in the 18th century, which took place around the Pacific regions. The other expansion was in the 19th century, which took place in the central Africa. All these advancements brought with them new encounters like socialization and movement of people from different parts of the world, which in turn brought about appreciation and development of different cultures or the transcultural world. There was also redistribution of the world resources, which led to imbalance in the world economy as Europeans benefitted more than others (Heinemann 301). These encounters also stimulated the European perception on the nature and community in general, and brought new perspectives of rational enquiry. Also, there were impressive travel accounts and historical writings, which form an important part of history today. Western civilization is viewed as legacy of concepts that exists in Europe and America, which emanated from Greece and Rome. However, the civilization does not belong to any specific place. Different people used historical evidence to promote their own ideas, for instance, Martin Luther’s ideas were based on the Christian teaching in the holy bible. He suggested that, according to the word of God, individuals cannot exist as unmarried without sinning, and it is only in the family where chaste life could hold. Martin Luther encouraged and advocated for removal of girls from the nunneries and covenants that led to sexual repression. Luther

Risk Management among Older People Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Risk Management among Older People - Essay Example The intention of this study is the concept of risk. McDonald argues that risk is quite a serious societal issue as demonstrated by more emphasis being placed in distribution of risks than in distribution of wealth. McDonald then explores several perspectives of the definition/concept of risk in the society as it relates to social work, beginning with the widely accepted legal view that risk is the likelihood of an event occurring and the existence of a duty of care that is owed to those who might be affected (in this case the elderly) by reasonably foreseeable consequences of another party’s actions. Another perspective of risk is the actuarial notion, where it is the probability of occurrence of certain events based on statistical analyses of whole populations or subgroups, where in this case we have the older people sub-group. McDonald also discusses the social constructivist aspect of risk, where certain risks have been granted cultural acceptance based on different societa l dynamics. An example concerning older people is where certain risk-taking behaviours are out of question in a manner different to young people who may not be limited by such events. For instance, although the risk of injury from engaging in sport is present for all sub-groups, older people are more constrained from it differently from young people. Across all these concepts of risk, it is discernible that the shared characteristic is in the probability of an event occurring, and for the purposes of social work, an opportunity to pre-empt the event from occurring which forms a vital dimension of social work. The functional definition is that risk involves calculation of probability of and description of the likelihood of a future event given certain conditions, while at the same time recognising duty of care. Risk assessment is an issue related to the probabilistic aspect of the social workers knowledge base; hence it involves balancing out the outcomes for the service user in ques tion (Hawkes 2003, p. 6). The role of the social worker here is to assess the probability of significant harm occurring, or assess that which has already occurred in a bid to prevent further/future harm from occurring. Assessment of risk occupies a pivotal position in social work since it occurs at the initial point of contact between the service user and the social worker, and hence the effectiveness of intervention mechanisms depends to a large extent on the outcomes of the risk assessment. Social Worker Duty, Reasons for Risk Assessment and Obsession with Risk Assessment The reasons behind the obsession of social work with risk assessment can be traced from the trends in the wider society. McLauglin (2008, pp. 3-6) first establishes that there is an ongoing preoccupation with risk in the society and its minimisation, with the primary concern of the contemporary society shifting from being after something good to instead preventing the worst (tendency towards self-limitation as op posed to pursuing self realisation). This shift is being driven by a shift from natural hazards to man-made ones especially in the developed world, where for example an older person

Risk and quality management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Risk and quality management - Essay Example Tutor Signature: Date: Task 1 Introduction The following report includes the description of the term quality management and the term risk management. The report also includes the description of importance of these concepts at different stages of a project. The report also includes the description of BS ISO 10006-2003 and its adequacy with respect to the different stages of a project. The report also includes the suggestion as how this standard can be improved. Finally a conclusion has been drawn on the basis of the overall analysis. Quality management Quality management can be said to be the process of management of the quality of the project under consideration. Quality management has different definitions with respect to different businesses and processes. A project can be said to be a temporary endeavour having a defined beginning and end, which is undertaken with predefined objectives and goals, so it is vital for the effective attainment of objectives to manage the quality of th e project. The main aim behind quality management is to attain all the project objectives and goals by effectively honouring the preconceived constraints of the project and managing the quality of the objectives or results under consideration (Kerzner, 2010). ... Risk management Risk management can be said to be a simple process of identifying, analyzing, and responding to the factors associated with risks during the life of the project under consideration. Risk management, in simpler terms, can be said to be the controlling of the risk factors and the possibilities of the risky events and handling them in a proactive manner rather than in a reactive manner. Risk management includes two steps: the assessment of risks and the control of risks. The risk assessment is the process performed at each level of the project; the control of the processes is performed at stages when the implementation is done and the performance is derived from the standards set. Risk management is the vital step which needs to be performed at each stage of the project, so that the project can be accomplished with the available resources and so that the prescribed objectives can be achieved (Maylor, 2003). Prince 2 (Projects in Controlled Environment) This is a process- based method, which is highly effective in the management of projects. This is a de facto standard, which is extensively utilized by the government of UK and is also used in the private sectors for the management of the projects. The PRINCE2 provides greater control of resources, and this also helps manage the project risks and business risks in a more effective manner. PRINCE2 aids in several areas of project management: the justification of the business or project purpose; defining of the organization structure which aids the project management team; planning-based approach; emphasis on the project by dividing it into manageable and controllable stages and by outlining its specified structure. This method is highly

19th Century Philippines Essay Example for Free

19th Century Philippines Essay The Philippines was governed by Spain through a viceroy from Mexico. The highest office was that of the Governor-General, the chief executive of the Spanish colonial government, appointed by the Spanish king. The town is managed by a gobernadorcillo. The barangay is the smallest political unit under a cabeza de barangay. The social hierarchy was in this order: at the top were the peninsulares or the Spaniards from Spain, next were the insulares, Spaniards born in the Philippines and also called Filipinos, the mestizos, born of Spanish and Chinese descent, at the bottom were the indios, the local inhabitants. A total of 300 insurections and rebellions by the Filipinos all over the achipelago were recorded in the more than 3000 years of Spanish colonialization. 19th century was defined by liberal thinking for the following reasons: 1)Mexico rebelled against Spain and this brought revolutionary thinking to Manila; 2) the opening of the Suez Canal made the trip to Manila from Europe faster thereby bringing liberal ideas to the Philippines; and 3) rise of the middle class ? Liberalism is a set of political beliefs which puts primary consideration on the freedom and rights of the individual which includes the freedom of speck, of expression and of the press. In 1869, Carlos Maria de la Torre became the first liberal governor-general of the Philippines. For two year, until 1871, he instituted liberal reforms that benefited the Filipino middle class. ?Padre Jose Burgos campaigned for the Filipinization of the parochial churches in the Philippines and asked for the expulsion of friars back to Spain. ?The Cavite Mutiny of 1872 was used to condemn Frs. Burgos, Zamora, and Gomez to death by garrote or musketry. ?The martyrdom of Gomburza was winessed by Paciano Rizal, Jose’s brother. Rizal’s first novel Noli Me Tangere was dedicated to the martyred priests. Economic Conditions ?The economic policies of Gov. Gen. Jose Basco y Vargas opened the Philippines to the world market. ?These economic policies were the galleon trade and the monopolies of tobacco, wine and gambling. ?The galleon trade made Mexico Philippines’ trade partner. The route of the trade was from manila to Acapulco and back. ?From Acapulco, Mexico the Philippines got its silver and gold coins while the Philippines exported tobacco, wine, sugar and goods from China. The Philippines was the bridge of Asia to Europe and this trade allowed the emergence of the Filipino middle class composed mainly by insulares and mestizos. The encomienda system was transformed into Hacienda system wherein the vast tracks of land were devoted for the planting of single crops for export. (e. g. Ilocos for tobacco, Negros for sugar cane, etc. The first banks in the Philippines were managed by Spanish friars knows as Obras Pias. This banks lent money to the members of middle class which were used by them as capital for their export business. The first rural bank established was the Rodriguez Bank. The Mercado family was a typical middle class family of the 19th century who rented land from the Dominican friars. Social Conditions ?Schools and universities were opened and managed by Spanish friars. The most popular among them were the Ateneo de Municipal under the Jesuit fathers and Universidad de Santo Tomas under the Dominican friars. ?There were schools for boys and girls. For boys, schools teach history, languages, humanities, medicine, theology and law. While for girls, shools offer courses for dress making, home making, cooking and gardening.

The Spread of Islam in the Middle East Essay Example for Free

The Spread of Islam in the Middle East Essay The Muslim Perspective   Islam is the religion of all prophets of God, including Adam, Abraham, Lot, Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad.   Born in Mecca, Muhammad is known among Muslims as the final messenger of God to have brought a divine book on earth for the guidance of humanity.   Moreover, he is the reviver of Islam, rather than its founding father.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At the time of Muhammad’s birth in Mecca, Arabia was going through a period called the Age of Ignorance.   The followers of Abraham’s faith had turned to idol worship, and turned the Holy Ka’aba into a house of idols which they circumambulated naked.    Tribal feuds were very common; bloodshed was not rare.   Moreover, the society of Arabia at the time looked down upon women so much so that its people buried their baby girls alive.   Crime flourished, and there was no hope of bringing justice into the existing order.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Muhammad grew up among idol worshippers, who referred to him as Sadiq (Truthful) and Amin (Trustworthy).   At the age of forty, the man was visited by Archangel Gabriel who informed me about the new message of God to be revealed to Muhammad in order to revive the faith of Abraham once again. This message was the same as that received by the messengers before Muhammad.   The most important tenet of the faith was that there is no god except Allah (translated in Arabic as The God); and nobody else has any right to be worshipped.   The rest of the Ten Commandments were also included as the basic principles of faith.   Humanity, through Muhammad’s revival of Islam, was reminded to do good deeds, to stop killing unlawfully, to honor the parents, to stay away from adultery and fornication, and to expect final judgment and the afterlife in either heaven or hell.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   With its social ills, the society of Arabia required reform at the time that Muhammad received the message of God.   Many people, upon hearing Muhammad’s message in Mecca, embraced Islam.   The prophet also sent some of his followers to other cities of Arabia in order to spread the message.   Once again, he was joined by a lot of people who embraced the faith and accepted him as a God-sent guide on earth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Muhammad was also visited by some of the people from Medina, previously known as Yathrib.   These people wholeheartedly accepted Islam, before Muhammad moved to their city faced by severe trials in Mecca.   Such trials were posed by the idol worshippers of Mecca who insisted on continuing to worship idols as well their practices from the Age of Ignorance.   Even when Muhammad had moved to Medina, the idol worshippers of Mecca kept on harassing him and his followers.   This led to various battles between the forces of God and Muhammad, and those of the infidels.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Muhammad and his followers were often victorious on the battlefield.   Although they lost much at the same time, their main force was Allah who never let them give up in the face of trials.   By the time Muhammad conquered Mecca, the Muslims alongside Muhammad had become a tremendous power. As a matter of fact, the prophet of God conquered Mecca without bloodshed.   The awe that he had inspired in his enemies was enough to allow him and his followers a peaceful reentry into the city of the Ka’aba.   Many of Muhammad’s enemies also embraced Islam.   Historians inform us that even his enemies were thoroughly impressed by Muhammad’s personality, and especially his sense of forgiveness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Muhammad expired soon after the conquest of Mecca.   His followers, having spent time with a great role model, continued to fight battles against the infidels who provoked them.   Furthermore, the prophet’s followers continued to move to far and distant places to spread the message of Islam.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Muhammad’s followers entered many lands in the Middle East as conquerors and rulers.   After settling in new lands in the Middle East, they showed by example the humane treatment of peoples that Muhammad himself had shown them.   Countless people embraced Islam in the Middle East, although they were never forced to do so, given that Islam prohibits the use of force to spread the message of God.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Muslim conquests were always for the cause of God’s faith.   Hence, Umar, one of the four chiefs or caliphs of Islam after Muhammad, took Muslim armies to invade Palestine and Mesopotamia.   Muslim armies under Umar also won a crushing victory over the Byzantines.   This paved the way for them to conquer Egypt and Syria.   Following a victory over the Sassanid Empire, Umar and his followers also overwhelmed the Persians in Mesopotamia. The Non-Muslim Perspective Although Muhammad had a great personality, his faith was essentially spread by the sword.   Muhammad only claimed that he was God’s messenger by taking notes from the Holy Bible.   Moreover, his followers conquered many lands because they were greedy for power.   People in the Middle East who came to be ruled by Muslim invaders had no choice but to accept Islam, given that the Muslims inspired fear into the non-Muslims.